Drainage

Removal of groundwater or surface water, or of water from structures, by gravity or pumping. Emptying something accomplished by allowing  liquid to run out of it.

Imbibition

The act of Cinsuming liduids. The process of taking food into the body through the mouth. The act of drinking.

Imbibition and Drainage

Imbibition is a fluid flow process in which the saturation of the wetting phase increases and the nonwetting phase saturation decreases. (e.g., waterflood of an oil reservoir that is water-wet). Mobility of wetting phase increases as wetting phase saturation increases. Mobility is the fraction of total flow capacity for a particular phase.

If a water-wet rock saturated with oil is placed in water, it will imbibe water into the smallest pores, displacing oil. If an oil-wet rock saturated with water is placed in oil, it will imbibe oil into the smallest pores, displacing water.

Drainage is a fluid flow process in which the saturation of the nonwetting phase increases. Mobility of nonwetting fluid phase increases as nonwetting phase saturation increases e.g., waterflood of an oil reservoir that is oil wet  Gas injection in an oil or water wet reservoir. Pressure maintenance or gas cycling by gas injection in a retrograde condensate reservoir. A water-wet reservoir that accumulation of oil or gas in a trap does so by drainage.
 

Primary and waterflood oil recovery is affected by the wettability of the system. A water-wet system will exhibit greater primary oil recovery.

Ionosphere

Ionosphere

What is it?

The ionosphere is the layer of the earth's atmosphere starting around 70 or 80 kilometers above the earth's surface and extending up indefinitely. The ionosphere is above the mesosphere. The thermosphere is part of the ionosphere.

Give me an example!

The ionosphere is mostly composed of gasses that have been ionized by ultraviolet radiation from the sun and is jam-packed full of free electrons (not attached to atoms). But the coolest thing about the ionosphere is that it reflects radio transmissions, making it possible to bounce radio waves off of it and communicate with people in other hemispheres!

Thermosphere

Thermosphere

What is it?

The thermosphere is the layer of the earth's atmosphere that lies above the mesosphere at altitudes between 80 and 200 kilometers above the earth's surface. The thermosphere is also the lower part of the ionosphere.

Give me an example!

The lower levels of the thermosphere are composed of molecules of nitrogen (N and N2) and Oxygen (O and O2). The higher you go in the thermosphere, the warmer the temperature becomes because solar radiation is absorbed by oxygen molecules.

Mesosphere

Mesosphere

What is it?

The mesosphere is the layer of the earth's atmosphere that extends from an altitude of 50 kilometers up to 80 kilometers above the earth's surface. The mesosphere is above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere.

Give me an example!

The temperature in the mesosphere starts out at 0 degrees Celsius in its lowest regions and decreases in the upper regions to -100 degrees Celsius. The only people who have ever been in the mesosphere are astronauts!

Stratosphere

Stratosphere

What is it?

The stratosphere is the layer of the earth's atmosphere that exists between approximately 15 and 50 kilometers above the earth's surface. The stratosphere is between the troposphere and the mesosphere.

Give me an example!

Conditions in the stratosphere are not affected by the water cycle or any other earthly changes in weather. Temperatures in the stratosphere start at about -50 degrees Celsius at the bottom and climb to around 0 degrees Celsius in the upper parts. The stratosphere also contains the earth's fragile ozone layer which has been damaged by chloroflourocarbons.